Thursday, 9 August 2012
Posted by
david
at
13:07
Sexually transmitted diseases (STDs)
Sexually transmitted diseases (STD) of unprotected vaginal, anal or oral sex can transmit with. CYBH'a microorganisms that cause blood, semen or vaginal fluids can be transported. A healthy-looking (without any symptoms), and other individuals who can carry such diseases bulaştırılabilmektedir individuals. Early symptoms of disease is observed with the majority of sexually transmitted diseases are not recognized.
Who is at risk?
1. Individuals who have unprotected intercourse
2. Possess any sexually-transmitted disease
3. And improved individuals had one sexually-transmitted diseases
Individuals had an increased risk of other STDs STDs carry-one, because these organisms are usually carried along.
4. Many clinical symptoms of sexually transmitted diseases of all sexually active individuals who did not
5. Individuals who are not sure your partner does not have the disease
6. Individuals showing symptoms of the genital area
7. Individuals with more than one sexual partner
- As the number of sexual partners increases the risk of transmission of STDs.
8. Individuals using drugs
-Syringe sharing can transmit serious diseases such as HIV and hepatitis B cases.
Causes of STD
There are more than 30 micro-organisms that cause sexually transmitted diseases. Some of the microorganisms most frequently observed in Turkey and around the world are listed below.
HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus) (AIDS): HIV is a virus transmitted by unprotected sexual intercourse, all kinds. Observed in the detection of significant symptoms of HIV screening tests for the suspected cases is important. Click For More Information
Hepatitis B virus (HBV), which is one of the leading causes of cirrhosis and liver cancer, hepatitis B, constitutes a serious health problem for the whole world. Symptoms of hepatitis, and early detection of transmission routes ... Click to continue
Hepatitis C virus (HCV)
HPV (Human papillomavirus) which is responsible for cervical cancer, HPV was found in 20% of the participants in a study done in Turkey. Symptoms of cervical cancer, early detection and screening methods ... Click to continue
Chlamydia (Chlamydia trachomatis): United States, chlamydia is the most common STDs, 75% of women and men to infertility if not diagnosed in 50% of asymptomatic and progress (infertility) can cause. Symptoms of the disease, prevention methods and early detection ... Click to continue
Gonorrhea (gonorrhea) (Neisseria gonorrhea): gonorrhea in the United States is the most common CYBH'lardan% of women asymptomatic in 10% of men advancing 50 percent, and can cause serious complications if not diagnosed. Symptoms of the disease, prevention methods and early detection ... Click to continue
Herpes simplex virus (Herpes simplex virus type-1, or 2) (genital herpes): 90% of patients with herpes is unaware of this situation. Genital herpes, genital area and the individual's immune system weakens create painful wounds. Symptoms of the disease, prevention methods and early detection ... Click to continue
Genitalyum Mycoplasma (Mycoplasma genitalium): M. genitalium in women detected with bacterial diseases such as vaginoz and cervicitis. Genitalyum mycoplasma infection without symptoms most watches, screening of individuals suspected of great importance. Symptoms of the disease, prevention methods and early detection ... Click to continue
Treponema pallidum (syphilis) (Treponema pallidum): Syphilis symptoms for many years it was considered the majority of carriers, the disease can not be diagnosed early. Symptoms of the disease, prevention methods and early detection ... Click to continue
Ureaplazma urealitikum (Ureaplasma urealyticum)
Symptoms
There are many different symptoms of sexually transmitted diseases, and various combinations of these symptoms can be seen in infected individuals. One important point to note, early-stage symptoms düzelebilmesidir within a few weeks. However, late complications of the disease can lead to ongoing and future.
EARLY SYMPTOMS
SYMPTOMS OF ADVANCED STAGE
LATE STAGE
COMPLICATIONS
Görülmemekte or prominent symptom in most patients is not.
Abnormal vaginal discharge or bleeding
Vaginal itching
Penis discharge
Burning or pain in the urine
Fire
Rectal pain, discharge or bleeding
Cold sores in the genital region
Pain during sexual intercourse
Swelling and pain in testicles
Backache
Nausea
Fire
Pain during sexual intercourse
Bleeding between menstrual periods
Recurrent cold sores
Itchy skin
Arthritis
Eye inflammation
Pelvic Inflammatory Disease
Infertility
Cervical cancer
Other cancers (HPV-mediated HIV-mediated rectal and anal cancers such as lymphoma or)
Increased risk of HIV transmission
Heart disease
Difficulty in walking and balance problems
Complications of the disease from mother to child transmission and serious birth
DIAGNOSIS
Sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) early detection, patient complications in terms of stopping and preventing disease transmission to other individuals is of great importance. Clinical findings in the diagnosis of sexually transmitted diseases, especially kalabildiği often inadequate for the purpose of verification of disease ELISA, PCR, culture and microscopy methods such as the laboratory is needed.
ELISA, microscopic methods are often cheap and easy to culture and screening method is preferred because of various disadvantages (Table 1). PCR method provides results on the other hand due to high sensitivity and reliability dramatically. In addition, the PCR method, the results of screening tests to investigate the safety can also be used as a standard. (Table 1).
PCR, culture and microscopy methods, penis, cervix, vagina, rectum, or from regions sürüntülerle, ELISA tests, the blood sample being studied.
Table 1: The advantages and disadvantages of PCR and ELISA-based tests
What are the advantages of PCR?
ELISA-based tests, what are the disadvantages?
1. Directly determines the infecting organism.
2. Use indirect ways, such as antibody detection.
3. Early detection offers.
4. Microorganism highest sensitivity (sensitivity) and specificity (for sure) and are detected.
5. Even low concentrations of microorganism provides precise diagnosis.
6. Ensures the identification of microorganisms that can not be cultured, or slow-growing.
1. Indirectly determines the infecting organism.
2. Early detection of disease may be inadequate.
3. The early period, period varied according to the person identified edemeyebilmektedir disease.
4. Individuals had a disease or during the lifetime of 1-2 years can continue to find the positive.
5. Limited to the information about whether the disease is active.
6. In some cases not related to the targeted disease "cross reaction" may give false-positive results due.
What are the disadvantages of PCR?
What are the advantages of ELISA-based tests?
1. Expensive.
2. Requires high-tech.
3. Are specialized centers.
4. Gives information about the current status of the disease.
1. Cheaper.
2. Practice.
3. Easily studied in many laboratories.
4. Gives information about the past and recovered infections.
Treatment
Appropriate use of antibiotics gonorrhea, syphilis, chlamydia and mycoplasma can be treated genitalyum. HIV, HPV, hepatitis B, hepatitis C and various antiviral drugs are used in the treatment of genital herpes infections. HPV infection and hepatitis B vaccine is also possible to obtain successful results yaptırıldığında before. Antiviral drugs are able to keep HIV under control, but not prevent the passage of other individuals. Early diagnosis and early initiation of treatment of the disease is crucial.
Measures to be Taken
Sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) as the most accurate way of prevention; suspect the relationship avoidance and long-term, monogamous sexual relationships were preferred. Condom use in men and women, reduces the risk of bacterial contamination. In women, the unexpected pain, odor, burning, or urine output during the menstrual cycles (units) are observed between the genital symptoms such as bleeding, consult a physician, and cessation of sexual intercourse is recommended.
Screening Tests
Substances listed below the U.S. Center for Disease Prevention (CDC) recommendations of the establishment.
- All individuals:
All individuals between the ages of 13-65, the symptoms observed in routine HIV screening is recommended to be tested.
- Pregnant Women:
Prenatal (before birth) period, primarily HIV, hepatitis B, chlamydia, gonorrhea, genital herpes and syphilis screening is recommended.
- Sexually active young women:
Especially with women who are under 25 years of age and women older than 25 years at risk; chlamydia is recommended to repeat the tests once a year.
- 3 years after the onset of sexual life:
HPV caused cervical abnormalities (inflammation, such as pre-cancerous changes) for the detection of HPV DNA test and Pap smear test every 3 years is recommended. (American Cancer Society, 2004)
- Who engaged in homosexual men:
Increased risk of transmission of STDs among this type of a year dealing with HIV, genital herpes, gonorrhea, chlamydia and syphilis tests are recommended In The.
- HIV-infected individuals:
Highly increased risk of HIV-infected individuals carrying other STDs is recommended screening tests for other diseases.
Vaccines
All 11-26 year old women, HPV (human papillomavirus) vaccine and hepatitis B vaccine is recommended for all newborns.
When what should I have the test?
Sexually transmitted diseases (STDs), the main problem encountered in the diagnosis, infections or other infections remain without symptoms can share the same symptoms. However, due to sexually transmitted diseases, often moved together; suspected cases of Sexually Transmitted Diseases Fully Comprehensive Package is recommended.
High-tech methods are studied using PCR-based DNA analysis and early diagnosis of this panel can be of possible suspicious 9-11 days after intercourse çalışılabilmekte these tests and other methods from the high-precision results can be compared.
Mini and Full comprehensive Test Packs advantage, as the case tried to separate the tests, is to have approximately a 50% discount price. However, the scope of the panel, each outpatients blood, vaginal swaps, and cervical (cervical), thin-prep, urethral swab, external genitalia, swap or urine samples are taken, so that different regions of the urogenital system, the presence of separate micro-organism under investigation. Thus, 99-close to 100% reliability and maximum diagnostic value of result is only targeted.
If only a certain CYBH'tan is suspected, the disease can make a specific test for. For example, learned how to carry your partner chlamydia, chlamydia can test for yourself. However, an important point to note; CYBH'ların similar symptoms or asymptomatic (without showing symptoms) due to the passage of the unnoticed presence of disease risk of abduction.
If you suspect you have had a relationship or other reasons (or get pregnant before getting married), because if you want to have a screening test; Full Service Package is recommended Sexually Transmitted Diseases. This package is quite common for HIV (AIDS), HPV, herpes, syphilis, gonorrhea, chlamydia, M. genitalyum, U. ürealitikum, include hepatitis B and C infections.
Individuals are not appropriate for the economic situation of STD Fully Comprehensive Package, which is relatively more severe and more serious consequences of HIV (AIDS), hepatitis B and hepatitis C infections, including the first Mini Sexually Transmitted Diseases In The Package is recommended.
References
1. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Workowski KA, Berman SM. Sexually Transmitted Diseases Treatment Guidelines, 2006. MMWR Recomm Rep. 2006, 55 (RR-11) :1-94
2. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). CDC Fact Sheet Chlamydia. , 2007.
http://www.cdc.gov/std/Chlamydia/Chlamydia-Fact-Sheet.pdf
3. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). CDC Genital Herpes Fact Sheet. , 2007.
http://www.cdc.gov/std/herpes/Herpes-Fact-Sheet.pdf
4. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Gonorrhea CDC Fact Sheet. , 2007. http://www.cdc.gov/std/gonorrhea/gonorrhea-fact-sheet.pdf
5. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). CDC Fact Sheet syphilis. , 2007. http://www.cdc.gov/std/syphilis/syphilis-fact-sheet.pdf
6. Basic information: HIV. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/topics/basic/index.htm.
7. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). CDC Fact Sheet: Genital HPV infection. http://www.cdc.gov/std/Hpv/hpv-fact-sheet.pdf
8. DK Smith., Grohskopf LA et al. Antiretroviral postexposure prophylaxis after sexual, injection-drug use, or other nonoccupational exposure to HIV in the United States: Recommendations from the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. MMWR Recomm Rep. 2005, 54 (RR-2) :1-20
9. Ross, J., Ison C. et al. Sexually Transmitted Infections: UK National Screening and Testing Guidelines. , 2006. http://www.bashh.org/documents/59/59.pdf
10. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). HPV Vaccine Information For Young Women. , 2008. http://www.cdc.gov/std/hpv/STDFact-HPV-vaccine-young-women.htm
Subscribe to:
Post Comments (Atom)
No comments:
Post a Comment